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To infer estimates of male and female contributions from each ancestral population, we estimated the male what does stand for female fractions of ancestry that total the genome-wide estimates and minimize the mean square error of the X chromosome ancestry estimates. Genome-wide analysis points pf roles for extracellular matrix remodeling, the visual cycle, and neuronal development in myopia. Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Pre- and post-Columbian gene and cultural continuity: the petcent of the Gaucho from southern Brazil.
 
 

 

What percent of north carolina population is black – what percent of north carolina population is bl. The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States

 

According to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation , in , males in North Carolina lived an average of Females in North Carolina lived an average of Male life expectancy in North Carolina between and increased by an average of 6.

Life expectancy for females in North Carolina between and increased by 3. Using — data, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation calculated that life expectancy for North Carolina counties ranged from Life expectancy for the state as a whole was Transportation systems in North Carolina consist of air, water, road, rail, and public transportation including intercity rail via Amtrak and light rail in Charlotte.

North Carolina has the second-largest state highway system in the country as well as the largest ferry system on the east coast. North Carolina’s airports serve destinations throughout the United States and international destinations in Canada, Europe, Central America, and the Caribbean. North Carolina has a growing passenger rail system with Amtrak serving most major cities.

Charlotte is also home to North Carolina’s only light rail system known as the Lynx. Early newspapers were established in the eastern part of North Carolina in the midth century. The Fayetteville Observer , established in , is the oldest newspaper still in publication in North Carolina. The Wilmington Star-News , established , is the oldest continuously running newspaper.

As of January 1, , there were approximately North Carolina newspapers in publication in the state of North Carolina. The News and Observer was founded in and is the largest in circulation in the state. In , The Charlotte Observer was acquired by the company, it is the second largest circulating news paper in the state.

The government of North Carolina is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. These consist of the Council of State led by the Governor , the bicameral legislature called the General Assembly , and the state court system headed by the North Carolina Supreme Court. The state constitution delineates the structure and function of the state government. Most municipalities in North Carolina operate under council-manager governments. North Carolina’s party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years: While the midterms saw Tarheel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in more than a century, North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races.

Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter ‘s comfortable victory in the state in , the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in In the s, Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in and also only narrowly lost the state in In , Republican George W.

Bush easily won the state by more than 13 points. By , demographic shifts, population growth, and increased liberalization in densely populated areas such as the Research Triangle , Charlotte , Greensboro , Winston-Salem , Fayetteville , and Asheville , propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina, the first Democrat to win the state since In , North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing state, with the Democrats even holding their Democratic National Convention in Charlotte.

However, Republican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a two-point win in North Carolina, the only swing state Obama lost, and one of only two states along with Indiana to flip from Obama in to the GOP in Furthermore, Republican Donald Trump carried the state in and In , the state elected a Republican governor Pat McCrory and lieutenant governor Dan Forest for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate.

Several U. House of Representatives seats flipped control in , with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats’ four. In the mid-term elections, Republican David Rouzer won the state’s seventh congressional district seat, increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10—3 in favor of the GOP. North Carolina Republicans won 10 of the 13 seats in , when Democrats got 47 percent of the statewide vote. In Republicans took nine, with one seat undecided, even though Democrats got 48 percent of the overall vote.

As a result of the Census, North Carolina will gain another seat in the th United States Congress , for a total of In a study, North Carolina was ranked as the 23rd easiest state for citizens to vote in. The state has been sued for racially gerrymandering the districts, which resulted in minority voting power being diluted in some areas, resulting in skewed representation.

In , the District Court ruled that the 12th District was an illegal racial gerrymander. The U. Supreme Court reversed the District Court in and ruled that the 12th district boundaries were not racially based but was a partisan gerrymander.

They said this was a political question that the courts should not rule upon. In , federal courts again ordered redistricting. This case reached the United States Supreme Court in March , which also heard a related partisan gerrymandering case from Maryland. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas.

The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in Additionally, North Carolina has minor league teams in other team sports including soccer and ice hockey , most notably North Carolina FC and the Charlotte Checkers , both of which play in the second tier of their respective sports.

Golf is a popular summertime leisure activity, and North Carolina has hosted several important professional golf tournaments. Opens , and one U. Women’s Open. College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with 18 schools competing at the Division I level.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the U. For the former British colony, see Province of North Carolina. For other uses, see North Carolina disambiguation. For the song, see The Old North State song. State in the United States. Tarheel State ; Old North State. Esse quam videri : [1] “To be, rather than to seem”. Mount Mitchell [4] [5]. Atlantic Ocean [4]. Flag of North Carolina. Main article: History of North Carolina. Further information: American Civil War.

Main article: Reconstruction era. Main article: Geography of North Carolina. Interactive map of North Carolina. Further information: Wildlife of North Carolina. Further information: List of rivers of North Carolina. Main article: Climate of North Carolina. See also: Climate change in North Carolina. Archived from the original on December 31, Retrieved December 27, See also: List of counties in North Carolina.

See also: List of municipalities in North Carolina. Largest cities or towns in North Carolina Source Estimate : []. Main article: Demographics of North Carolina. See also: African Americans in North Carolina. Main article: Economy of North Carolina. See also: North Carolina locations by per capita income. Main article: List of North Carolina state parks.

Further information: List of colleges and universities in North Carolina and List of universities in North Carolina by enrollment. Duke Chapel at Duke University. Wait Chapel at Wake Forest University. Main article: Transportation in North Carolina. Further information: Vehicle registration plates of North Carolina.

Main article: Interstate Highways in North Carolina. Further information: List of U. Highways in North Carolina. Further information: List of state highways in North Carolina. See also: Gerrymandering in the United States. Main article: Sports in North Carolina. United States portal North Carolina portal. Archived from the original on November 8, Retrieved May 20, NC Kids Page. North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State.

May 8, Archived from the original on November 4, Retrieved November 7, United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 15, Retrieved October 24, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Archived from the original on December 20, Retrieved December 8, Retrieved May 23, This section is intended to preserve, protect and strengthen the English language, and not to supersede any of the rights guaranteed to the people by the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of North Carolina.

English is the official language of the State of North Carolina. Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 4, Retrieved August 11, Census Reporter. Retrieved June 22, Will it keep it? The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on November 21, Retrieved December 1, National Park Service. Retrieved May 2, William Lee , Richter, William L. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.

ISBN OCLC Archived from the original on November 20, Retrieved September 22, October 31, Archived from the original on February 20, Retrieved September 18, Spring American Archaeology.

Archived PDF from the original on June 24, Retrieved June 26, March Archived from the original on July 24, Retrieved July 24, Tanglewood Park. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt. Archived from the original on February 5, Archived from the original on August 7, November 16, Archived from the original on July 26, February 9, Archived from the original on April 1, Retrieved April 30, North Carolina Maritime History Council.

North Carolina History Project. Archived from the original on October 29, Retrieved May 16, Lawrence E. Bethune’s M. Archived from the original on February 19, Retrieved October 26, Archived PDF from the original on August 30, Retrieved May 11, Archived PDF from the original on July 8, Archived from the original on October 22, Library of Congress, Washington, D.

Revolutionary War and Beyond. American Battlefield Trust. University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on October 11, Archived from the original on January 29, Retrieved January 25, Archived from the original on July 19, Archived from the original on September 16, April 9, Archived from the original on May 14, North Carolina Museum of History. Retrieved December 20, Retrieved December 22, October 23, Virginia Center for Civil War Studies.

Retrieved April 11, EJI Reports. The North Carolina Historical Review. ISSN JSTOR Retrieved March 10, Currituck Economic Development. May 16, Charlotte, NC, outpacing nationwide growth in banking, set for further expansion Archived November 16, , at the Wayback Machine. Wake County Economic Development. Retrieved January 28, September 17, Archived PDF from the original on December 19, Retrieved December 15, Beach Carolina Magazine. March 30, Archived from the original on February 21, North Carolina State Board of Education.

Customer genetic data have been previously utilized in association studies and studies of genetic relationships. They were also invited to allow their genetic data and survey responses to be used for research. Only data of customers who signed IRB-approved consent documents were included in our study.

Survey introductions are explicit about their applications in research. For example, the ethnicity survey introduction text states that the survey responses will be used in ancestry-related research Table S1 available online. It is important to note that ancestry, ethnicity, identity, and race are complex labels that result both from visible traits, such as skin color, and from cultural, economic, geographical, and social factors.

However, we chose to maximize our available self-reported ethnicity sample size by combining information from questions asking for customer self-reported ancestry. In the present work, we do not include individuals who self-report as having multiple identities, because this represents only a small fraction of individuals in our data set.

Low rates of reporting as multiracial or multiethnic is in line with previous studies; an analysis of the US Census shows that 95 percent of blacks and 97 percent of whites acknowledge only a single identity.

Differences among states, where different proportions of people self-report as mixed race, might explain some regional differences in genetic ancestry. However, we note that, first, proportionally fewer people identify as mixed race than as a single identity, and second, it remains important to establish regional differences in genetic ancestry of self-reported groups even if these differences are driven, to some degree, by regional changes in self-reported identity.

More work is needed to determine to what extent regional differences are a result of how people today report their ancestry. In total, our final sets included 5, African Americans, 8, Latinos, and , European Americans. Our work represents a snapshot in time of genetic ancestry and identity, and future work is needed to inform the dynamic changes and forces that shape social interactions. We note that our cohorts are likely to have ancestry from many African populations, but because of current reference sample availability, our resolution of West African ancestries is outside the scope of our study.

Likewise, our estimates of Native American ancestry arise from a summary over many distinct subpopulations, but we are limited in scope because of insufficient sample sizes from subpopulations, so we currently use individuals from Central and South American together as a reference set see Durand et al.

To verify that our self-reported ethnicities were reliable, we examined the consistency of ethnicity survey responses when individuals completed both ancestry and ethnicity surveys. Because the structure of the two surveys is different and multiple selections were allowed in one survey but not the other, we examined the replication rate of the primary ethnicity from the single-choice ethnicity survey in the multiple-selection survey.

In addition to structural differences, the survey content used very different nomenclature, and therefore we believe our estimated error rates to be overestimates of the true error rate, because it is likely that some individuals choose to identify with one label but not the other i.

Discrepancies in the question nomenclatures are likely to increase the error rate. Furthermore, because the two surveys could be completed at different times, either before or after obtaining personal ancestry results, it is possible that viewing genetic ancestry results might have led to a change in self-reported ancestry. Such a change would be tallied as an error in our estimates, but instead reflects a true change in perceived self-identity over time. Self-reported state-of-birth survey data was available for 47, customers of 23andMe.

However, because overlap of these customers with our cohorts was poor, we also chose to include data from a question on current zip code of residence. This provided an additional 34, zip codes of current residence. In cases where both the zip code of residence and state of birth were available, we used state-of-birth information.

To obtain state information from zip codes, we translated zip codes to their state locations via an online zip code database accessed October In total, we had 50, individuals with available location information. About one third of each of our cohorts had location information: 1, African Americans, 2, Latinos, and 45, European Americans were used in our geographic analyses. We apply Ancestry Composition, a three-step pipeline that efficiently and accurately identifies the ancestral origin of chromosomal segments in admixed individuals, which is described in Durand et al.

Lastly, these confidence estimates are recalibrated by isotonic regression models. This results in both precision and recall estimates that are greater than 0. We note that here, and throughout the manuscript, African ancestry corresponds to sub-Saharan African ancestry including West African, East African, Central, and South African populations, but excluding North African populations from the reference set.

For more details on our ancestry estimation method, see Durand et al. To estimate genome-wide ancestry proportions of European, African, and Native American ancestry, we aggregate over populations to estimate the total likelihood of each population, and with a majority threshold of 0.

We allow for this unspecified ancestry to reduce the error rates of our assignments, so, in some sense, our estimates might be viewed as lower bounds on ancestry, and it is possible that individuals carry more ancestry than estimated.

We generate ancestry segments as defined as continuous blocks of ancestry, estimating the best guess of ancestry at each window to define segments of each ancestry. Assigning the most likely ancestry at each window results in fewer spurious ancestry breaks and allows for a smaller upward bias in admixture dates, because breaks in ancestry segments push estimates of dates further back in time.

We measure segment lengths by using genetic distances, by mapping segment start and end physical positions to the HapMap genetic map. To estimate the time frame of admixture events, we test a simple two-event, three-population admixture model via TRACTS.

We are limited to simple admixture models resulting from the computationally intensive grid search, because we were unable to obtain likelihood convergence with any of the built-in optimizers.

A third population later mixes in t 2 generations ago, with proportion frac 2. Both our ancestry segments and prior results supported a model with an earlier date of Native American admixture. These dates are estimated as the best fit for a pulse admixture event: because they represent an average over more continuous or multiple migrations, initial admixture is likely to have begun earlier. There are several possible explanations for our low mean African ancestry.

If our Ancestry Composition estimates are downward biased, then the African Americans might have levels of African ancestry consistent with other studies, and our results are simply underestimates. However, our Ancestry Composition estimates are extremely well calibrated for African Americans from the Genomes Project and their consensus estimates, and we see no evidence of a downward bias see Figure 5 from Durand et al. Given the large number of non-African American individuals in the 23andMe database, even an exceeding low survey error rate of 0.

Hence, we posit that these individuals represent survey errors rather than true self-reported African Americans. To quantify differences in African ancestry driving mean state differences, we examined the distributions of estimates of African ancestry in African Americans from the District of Columbia D. We find a qualitative shift in the two distributions of African ancestry, with D. Qualitative differences in the distributions of African ancestry proportions in African Americans from states with higher and lower mean ancestry appear to be driven by both a shift in the mode of the distribution as well as a heavier left tail reflecting more individuals with a minority of African ancestry Figure S1.

We posit that differences among states could be due to differences in admixture, differences in self-identity, or differences in patterns of assortative mating, whereby individuals with similar ancestry might preferentially mate.

For example, greater levels of admixture with Europeans would both shift the mode and result in more African American individuals who have a minority of African ancestry. Alternatively, a shift toward African American self-identity for individuals with a majority of European ancestry possibly because of changes in cultural or social forces would likewise result in lower estimates of mean African ancestry.

Lastly, assortative mating would work to maintain or increase the variance in ancestry proportions, though assortative mating alone could not shift the mean proportion of African ancestry in a population. Sex bias in ancestry contributions, often assessed through ancestry of mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups, is also manifested in unequal estimates of ancestry proportions on the X chromosome, which has an inheritance pattern that differs between males and females. The X chromosome more closely follows female ancestry contributions because males contribute half as many X chromosomes.

Comparing ancestry on the X chromosome to the autosomal ancestry allows us to infer whether that ancestry historically entered via males lower X ancestry or by females higher X ancestry. Under equal ancestral contributions from both males and females, the X chromosome should show the same levels of admixture as the genome-wide estimates.

To look for evidence of unequal male and female ancestry contributions in our cohorts, we examined ancestry on the X chromosome NRY region , which follows a different pattern of inheritance from the autosomes. In particular, estimates of ancestry on the X chromosome have been shown to have higher African ancestry in African Americans. It should be noted that these calculations differ among males and females, because the X chromosome is diploid in females and thus has twice as many windows in calculation of genome-wide mean proportions.

However, our results still allow a peek into sex bias because the overall contribution of the X chromosome to the genome-wide estimates is small.

To infer estimates of male and female contributions from each ancestral population, we estimated the male and female fractions of ancestry that total the genome-wide estimates and minimize the mean square error of the X chromosome ancestry estimates.

These are the estimates of male and female ancestry fractions under a single simplistic population mixture event that best fit our X chromosome ancestry estimates observed. The correlation is strong, with p value of 9. African ancestry in European Americans most frequently occurs in individuals from states with high proportions of African Americans and is rare in states with few African Americans.

This observation led us to look at the correlation between population size as a percent of state population using self-reported ethnicity from the US Census and state mean levels of ancestry. To examine the interaction between proportions of minorities and ancestry, we used the US Census demographic survey by state.

We find that African ancestry in European Americans is strongly correlated with the population proportion of African Americans in each state. We find that the higher the state proportion of African Americans, the more African ancestry is found in European Americans from that state, reflecting the complex interaction of genetic ancestry, historical admixture, culture, and self-identified ancestry. We examine the probabilistic relationship between self-identity and genetically inferred ancestry.

To explore the interaction between genetic ancestry and self-reported identity, we estimated the proportion of individuals that identify as African American and European American, partitioned by levels of African ancestry. Although our Ancestry Composition estimates are well calibrated and have been shown to accurately estimate African, European, and Native American ancestry in tests of precision and recall, 33 we were concerned that low levels of non-European ancestry in European Americans that we detected might represent an artifact of Ancestry Composition.

Hence, we pursued several lines of investigation to provide evidence that estimates of African and Native American ancestry in European Americans are robust and not artifacts. Comparisons of our estimates with those published by the Genomes Consortium show the high consistency across populations and individuals. We note that our estimates of Native American ancestry are conservative.

Five individuals from the ASW population from the Genomes Project have poor consistency in their estimates. These individuals have a large amount of Native American ancestry that was not modeled by the Genomes Project estimates.

That these particular individuals were sampled in Oklahoma, and carry significant Native American ancestry, is supported by our own high estimates of Native American ancestry in 23andMe self-reported African Americans from Oklahoma. We looked at whether all individuals who are expected to carry solely European ancestry also have similar rates of detection of non-European ancestry.

To this end, we generated a cohort of 15, customers of 23andMe who reported that all four of their grandparents were born in the same European country. The use of four-grandparent birth-country has been utilized as a proxy for assessing ancestry. We tested whether European Americans with estimated African ancestry showed any admixture from Africans by using our cohorts of individuals with estimated African ancestry and reference populations from the Genomes Project data set.

We assessed the fraction of individuals that carry these haplogroups to validate the likelihood of Native American ancestry in European Americans and African Americans and show that these haplogroups are virtually absent in European controls.

Because mtDNA haplogroups are assigned by classification with SNPs that segregate on these lineages, these orthogonal results provide an independent line of support for our estimated Native American ancestry in European Americans and African Americans. Regions of the genome that have structural variation or show strong linkage disequilibrium LD have been shown both to confound admixture mapping and to influence the detection of population substructure in studies using Principal Components Analysis PCA.

To this end, we examined the starting positions of all African and Native American ancestry segments in European Americans and Native American ancestry in African Americans. Self-reported survey data was used to generate cohorts of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans.

For more details on our cross-survey validation, see Subjects and Methods. Genome-wide ancestry estimates of African Americans show average proportions of We find systematic differences across states in the US in mean ancestry proportions of self-reported African Americans Figure 1 and Table S2.

C Differences in levels of European ancestry of African Americans red , from each state. States with fewer than ten individuals are excluded in gray. States with fewer than 20 individuals are excluded in gray. Mean estimates of African, Native American, and European ancestry are shown.

Relative increase on the X chromosome is calculated as the absolute difference, X chromosome estimate minus genome-wide estimate, divided by the genome-wide estimate. We used the lengths of segments of European, African, and Native American ancestry to estimate a best-fit model of admixture history among these populations for African Americans Figure S3. We estimate that initial admixture between Europeans and Native Americans occurred 12 generations ago, followed by subsequent African admixture 6 generations ago, consistent with other admixture inference methods dating African American admixture.

A sex bias in African American ancestry, with greater male European and female African contributions, has been suggested through mtDNA, Y chromosome, and autosomal studies. Latinos encompass nearly all possible combinations of African, Native American, and European ancestries, with the exception of individuals who have a mix of African and Native American ancestry without European ancestry see Figures S4 A and S1. On average, we estimate that Latinos in the US carry We find the highest levels of estimated Native American ancestry in self-reported Latinos from states in the Southwest, especially those bordering Mexico Figure 2 C.

It is mainly based on data from the U. The ACS is used to present demographic and economic characteristics for each group. This report relies on self-identification of race and ethnicity in U. In addition, the racial and ethnic categories used by the U. These changes may impact how many people identify as Black or any other race. Black population or total Black population refers to all people who self-identify as Black in the United States. This includes those who say their race is only Black; those who say Black is one of two or more races in their background; and those who say they their race is Black, or that one of their races is Black but also indicate they are of Hispanic or Latino or Black origin.

The terms Black population and Black people are used interchangeably in this report. The terms single-race Black and Black alone are used interchangeably throughout the report to refer to the same population.

This population is made up of individuals who self-identify only as Black and do not identify as Hispanic or Latino. The term multiracial Black is used to refer to people who self-identify as two or more races and do not identify as Hispanic or Latino. The term Black Hispanic is used to refer to those who self-identify as Black and Hispanic or Latino, as well as those who self-identify as multiracial Black and Hispanic or Latino. The terms Hispanic or Latino are used interchangeably throughout this report.

White refers to people who self-identify as White only single race and do not identify as Hispanic or Latino. Asian refers to people who self-identify as Asian only single race and do not identify as Hispanic or Latino.

Foreign born refers to people born outside of the United States to parents neither of whom was a U. The terms foreign born and immigrant are used interchangeably in this report. In this report, we refer to several generations. These are defined by their birth years and ages in as follows:. The Black population of the United States is diverse.

Its members have varied histories in the nation — many are descendants of enslaved people, while others are recently arrived immigrants. The Black population also has nuanced ethnic and racial identities reflecting intermarriage and international migration. As a result, there are key distinctions in demographic and economic characteristics between different parts of the national Black population, highlighting its diverse multitude of backgrounds.

The U. Black population is also growing. In , Need help understanding population change and its impacts on your community or business? Carolina Demography offers demographic research tailored to your needs.

Contact us today at demography unc. Categories: NC in Focus. Census Bureau. Our material helped the NC Local News Lab Fund better understand and then prioritize their funding to better serve existing and future grant recipients in North Carolina.

To better prepare for school siting needs, WCPSS asked Carolina Demography to project long-range forecasts year of school enrollment…. They asked Carolina Demography to help them understand what they would need to know in order to plan for recruitment, enrollment…. Make a Gift.

 
 

North Carolina – Wikipedia – States with the Highest Black Population

 
 
Beach Carolina Magazine. Racial identity — as measured by the U. Inthe Atlanta metropolitan area came in a distant second, with 2.