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The country of Mexico was not always called as such. The country, the land, the region, were called many things by many different groups of inhabitants, including the original people of the Valley of Mexico, the Aztec people, who arrived there around AD, and the Spanish colonizers who came to Mexico in the s. So how did Mexico come to be called Mexico? The empire that would be built by the Aztecs was right in the center of those lakes, a type of island, connected by land bridges to the shore and other islands, some natural, some man-made.

The name Aztecs was actually coined by explorer and geographer Alexander von Humboldt during his extensive travels through Latin America, observing the cultures of its indigenous people. Jonathan Kendall in his book La Capital writes that the Aztecs were actually a wandering, nomadic tribe who, opposed to popular belief, arrived at the Valley of Mexico starving and looking for a place to settle. They worked as warriors for hire in the many inter-tribal disputes among the people already settled in the area, until using that unrest to their advantage to become the ruling tribe of the area.

Regardless of exactly where they came from, the Mexica people, later called Aztecs, would make the biggest impact on the valley it had ever seen, and the term Mexico most undoubtedly comes from them. We and our partners use cookies to better understand your needs, improve performance and provide you with personalised content and advertisements.

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All About New Mexico – The Naming of New Mexico

 

New Mexico’s varied climate and vegetation zones consequently support diverse wildlife. Black bears , bighorn sheep , bobcats , cougars , deer , and elk live in habitats above 7, feet, while coyotes , jackrabbits , kangaroo rats , javelina , porcupines , pronghorn antelope , western diamondbacks , and wild turkeys live in less mountainous and elevated regions.

Endangered species include the Mexican gray wolf , which is being gradually reintroduced in the world, and Rio Grande silvery minnow. Roughly one—third of the state, or More than half this land is under the Bureau of Land Management , while another third is managed by the U. Forest Service.

New Mexico was central to the early—20th century conservation movement , with Gila Wilderness being designated the world’s first wilderness area in Areas managed by the National Park Service include: [73]. Fish and Wildlife Service include:. The spill had caused heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and toxins such as arsenic to flow into the Animas River , polluting water basins of several states. New Mexico is a major producer of greenhouse gases.

By contrast, the overall population density of the U. The state is divided into 33 counties and municipalities, which include cities, towns, villages, and a consolidated city-county , Los Alamos. Only two cities have at least , residents: Albuquerque and Las Cruces, whose respective metropolitan areas together account for the majority of New Mexico’s population. Residents are concentrated in the north-central region of New Mexico, anchored by the state’s largest city, Albuquerque.

Centered in Bernalillo County , the Albuquerque metropolitan area includes New Mexico’s third-largest city, Rio Rancho , and has a population of over ,, accounting for one-third of all New Mexicans. It is adjacent to Santa Fe , the capital and fourth-largest city. New Mexico’s other major center of population is in south-central area around Las Cruces , its second-largest city and the largest city in the southern region of the state.

The Las Cruces metropolitan area includes roughly , residents, but with neighboring El Paso, Texas forms a combined statistical area numbering over 1 million. New Mexico hosts 23 federally recognized tribal reservations, including part of the Navajo Nation, the largest and most populous tribe; of these, 11 hold off-reservation trust lands elsewhere in the state.

The vast majority of federally recognized tribes are concentrated in the northwest, followed by the north-central region.

Like several other southwestern states, New Mexico hosts numerous colonias , a type of unincorporated , low-income slum characterized by abject poverty, the absence of basic services such as water and sewage , and scarce housing and infrastructure. Department of Housing and Urban Development identifies roughly The census recorded a population of 2,,, an increase of 2.

More than half of New Mexicans Hispanics and Latinos constitute nearly half of all residents This broad classification includes descendants of Spanish colonists who settled between the 16th and 18th centuries as well as recent immigrants from Latin America particularly Mexico and Central America. From to , the number of persons in poverty increased to ,, or approximately one-fifth of the population. Poverty disproportionately affects minorities, with about one-third of African Americans and Native Americans living in poverty, compared with less than a fifth of whites and roughly a tenth of Asians; likewise, New Mexico ranks 49th among states for education equality by race and 32nd for its racial gap in income.

Challenges include the state’s size, sparse population, and numerous isolated communities. The majority of live births in New Mexico are to Hispanic whites, with Hispanics of any race consistently accounting for well over half of all live births since New Mexico is one of six “majority-minority” states where non-Hispanic whites constitute less than half the population. According to the census , the majority of Hispanics in New Mexico claim descendance from Spanish colonists who settled between the 16th and 18th centuries, when the state was part of New Spain.

Most remaining Hispanics are first and second-generation immigrants from Mexico and Central America. New Mexico has the fourth largest Native American community in the U. Comprising roughly one-tenth of all residents, this is the second largest population by percentage after Alaska.

Census data from found that New Mexico ranks third after California and Texas in the number of multilingual residents. Census , Besides Navajo, which is also spoken in Arizona, several other Native American languages are spoken by smaller groups in New Mexico, most of which are endemic to the state.

Mescalero and Jicarilla Apache are closely related Southern Athabaskan languages , and both are also related to Navajo. Tewa, the Tiwa languages, and Towa belong to the Kiowa-Tanoan language family, and thus all descend from a common ancestor. Keres and Zuni are language isolates with no relatives outside of New Mexico.

New Mexico’s original state constitution of required all laws be published in both English and Spanish for twenty years after ratification; [] this requirement was renewed in and , [] with some sources stating the state was officially bilingual until However, the state legislature remains constitutionally empowered to publish laws in English and Spanish, and to appropriate funds for translation.

Amendments to the New Mexico constitution must be approved by referendum printed on the ballot in both English and Spanish. With regard to the judiciary, witnesses and defendants have the right to testify in either of the two languages, and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury duty as do speakers of English.

In , New Mexico became the first of only four states to officially adopt the English Plus resolution, which supports acceptance of non-English languages.

Like most U. Roman Catholicism is deeply rooted in New Mexico’s history and culture, going back to its settlement by the Spanish in the early 17th century.

The oldest Christian church in the continental U. Since the s, New Mexico has been a leading center of the New Age movement , attracting adherents from across the country.

New Mexico’s popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine and religion has been linked to the ancient spirituality of its indigenous population, which emphasized sacred connections to nature and the land. Oil and gas production, tourism, and federal government spending are important drivers of the state economy.

Traditionally dependent on resource extraction, ranching, and railroad transportation, New Mexico has become increasingly reliant on tourism. New Mexico is the second largest crude oil and ninth largest natural gas producer in the United States; [] it overtook North Dakota in oil production in July and is expected to continue expanding.

In common with other states in the Western U. Federal government spending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy. Federal employees make up 3. A study by New Mexico State University estimated that New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state, including various types of tax credits and tax exemptions.

Most incentives are based on job creation: state and local governments are permitted to provide land, buildings, and infrastructure to businesses that will generate employment. New Mexico provides financial incentives for film production. In , Netflix chose New Mexico for its first U. New Mexico is one of the largest tax havens in the U. This resembles a sales tax but, unlike the sales taxes in many states, it applies to services as well as tangible goods. Normally, the provider or seller passes the tax on to the purchaser; however, legal incidence and burden apply to the business, as an excise tax.

GRT is imposed by the state and by some counties and municipalities. Property tax is imposed on real property by the state, by counties, and by school districts.

In general, personal-use personal property is not subject to property taxation. On the other hand, property tax is levied on most business-use personal property.

The taxable value of property is one-third the assessed value. In the tax year, the average millage was about Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.

A analysis by the nonprofit Tax Foundation placed New Mexico 23rd in business tax climate; its property taxes were found to be the least burdensome in the U. New Mexico is one of the poorest states in the U. The unemployment rate for June is 7. The New Mexico government has enacted several policies to address chronic poverty, including approving a minimum wage increase in January and requiring paid sick leave.

The New Mexico Legislature is considering implementing a statewide guaranteed basic income program targeting poorer residents; if enacted, it would be only the second U. New Mexico has long been an important corridor for trade and migration. The builders of the ruins at Chaco Canyon also created a radiating network of roads from the mysterious settlement. The pre- Columbian trade with Mesoamerican cultures included northbound exotic birds, seashells and copper.

Turquoise, pottery, and salt were some of the goods transported south along the Rio Grande. Present-day New Mexico’s pre-Columbian trade is especially remarkable for being undertaken on foot.

The north—south trade route later became a path for horse-drawn colonists arriving from New Spain as well as trade and communication; later called El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , it was among the four “royal roads” that were crucial lifelines to Spanish colonial possessions in North America.

The Santa Fe Trail was the 19th-century territory’s vital commercial and military highway link to the Eastern United States. New Mexico’s latitude and low passes made it an attractive east—west transportation corridor. The railroads essentially replaced the earlier trails, but brought on a population boom. Early transcontinental auto trails later crossed the state, bringing more migrants. Railroads were later supplemented or replaced by a system of highways and airports.

Personal automobiles remain the primary means of transportation for most New Mexicans, especially in rural areas. New Mexico is plagued by poor road conditions, with roughly a third of its roadways suffering from “inadequate state and local funding”.

New Mexico has had a problem with drunk driving, but that has lessened. According to the Los Angeles Times , for years the state had the highest alcohol-related crash rates in the US but ranked 25th in alcohol-related fatal crash rates as of July [update].

New Mexico has only three Interstate Highways : Interstate 10 travels southwest from the Arizona state line near Lordsburg to the area between Las Cruces and Anthony , near El Paso, Texas ; Interstate 25 is a major north—south interstate highway starting from Las Cruces to the Colorado state line near Raton ; and Interstate 40 is a major east—west interstate highway starting from the Arizona state line west of Gallup to the Texas state line east from Tucumcari.

The state is tied with Delaware, North Dakota, Puerto Rico, and Rhode Island in having the fewest primary interstate routes, which is partly a reflection of its rugged geography and sparse population. New Mexico currently has 15 United States Highways , which account for over 2, miles 4, km of its highway system. All but seven of its 33 counties are served by U.

Most routes were built in by the state government and are still managed and maintained by state or local authorities. The longest is U. Highway length; the shortest is U. Much of U. It was known as the “Devil’s Highway” due to the number denoting the ” Number of the Beast ” in Christianity; this numerical designation, as well as its high fatality rate was subject to controversy, superstition, and numerous cultural references.

Route in Many existing and former highways in New Mexico are recognized for their aesthetic, cultural, or historical significance, particularly for tourism purposes. There were 2, route miles of railroads in the year ; this number increased by a few miles with the opening of the Rail Runner ‘s extension to Santa Fe in Narrow-gauge railroads once connected many communities in the northern part of the state, from Farmington to Santa Fe.

Railroad surveyors arrived in New Mexico in the s shortly after it became a U. The rise of rail transportation was a major source of demographic and economic growth in the state, with many settlements expanding or being established shortly thereafter. At its height, passenger train service once connected nine of New Mexico’s present ten most populous cities the sole exception is Rio Rancho ; currently, only Albuquerque and Santa Fe are connected by a rail network.

Declines in passenger revenue, but not necessarily ridership, prompted many railroads to turn over their passenger services in truncated form to Amtrak , a state owned enterprise. Amtrak, also known as the National Passenger Railroad Corporation, began operating the two extant long-distance routes on May 1, Since , a state owned, privately run commuter railway , the New Mexico Rail Runner Express , has served the Albuquerque metropolitan area , connecting the city proper with Santa Fe and other communities.

Rail Runner operates scheduled service seven days per week, [] connecting Albuquerque’s population base and central business district to downtown Santa Fe with up to eight roundtrips in a day; the section of the line running south to Belen is served less frequently.

The Sunset Limited makes stops three times a week in both directions at Lordsburg , and Deming , serving Los Angeles, New Orleans and intermediate points. Together they operate 2, route miles of railway in the state.

New Mexico has four primary commercial airports that are served by most major domestic and international airliners. Albuquerque International Sunport is the state’s main aerial port of entry and by far the largest airport: It is the only one designated a medium-sized hub by the Federal Aviation Administration , serving millions of passengers annually. Most airports in New Mexico are small, general aviation hubs operated by municipal and county governments, and usually served solely by local and regional commuter airlines.

Due to its sparse population and many isolated, rural communities, New Mexico ranks among the states most reliant on Essential Air Service , a federal program that maintains a minimal level of scheduled air service to communities that are otherwise unprofitable. New Mexico hosts the world’s first operational and purpose-built commercial spaceport , Spaceport America , located in Upham , near Truth or Consequences.

Rocket launches began in April , [] with the spaceport officially opening in On October 22, , Spaceport America was the site of the first successfully tested vacuum-sealed “suborbital accelerator”, which aims to offer a significantly more economical alternative to launching satellites via rockets.

The Constitution of New Mexico was adopted by referendum in and establishes a republican form of government based on popular sovereignty and separation of powers. It includes a bill of rights with greater protections and freedoms in some areas than its federal counterpart; for example, victims of certain crimes have specific rights, such as to privacy, dignity, and timely adjudication of their case.

In a study, New Mexico was ranked as the 20th hardest state for citizens to vote, based on factors such as voting restrictions and accessibility to polling stations. Mirroring the federal system , the New Mexico government consists of executive, legislative, and judicial departments. The executive is led by the governor and other popularly elected officials, including the lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket as the governor , attorney general , secretary of state , state auditor , state treasurer , and commissioner of public lands.

New Mexico’s governor is granted more authority than those of other states, with the power to appoint most high-ranking officials in the cabinet and other state agencies. The legislative branch consists of the bicameral New Mexico Legislature , comprising the member House of Representatives and the member Senate. Members of the House are elected to two-year terms, while those of the Senate are elected every four years.

New Mexican legislators are unique in the U. The judiciary is headed by the New Mexico Supreme Court , the state’s highest court, which primarily adjudicates appeals from lower courts or government agencies. It is made up of five judges popularly elected every eight years with overlapping terms.

Below the state supreme court is the New Mexico Court of Appeals , which has intermediate appellate jurisdiction statewide. New Mexico has 13 judicial districts with circuit courts of general jurisdiction , as well as various municipal, magistrate , and probate courts of limited jurisdiction. New Mexico is organized into a number of local governments consisting of counties, municipalities, and special districts. Likewise, the state is represented in the U. The state’s three delegates to the U.

Until , New Mexico was traditionally a swing state in presidential elections. The election of Bill Clinton marked the first time the state was won by a Democrat since Lyndon B.

Johnson in Al Gore narrowly carried the state in by votes, and George W. Bush won in by less than 6, votes. The election of Barack Obama in marked the state’s transition into a reliably Democratic stronghold in a largely Republican region; Obama was also the first Democrat to win a majority of New Mexico votes since Johnson. State politics, while decidedly Democratic leaning, have also been idiosyncratic.

While registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by nearly ,, New Mexico voters have historically favored moderate to conservative candidates of both parties at the state and federal levels, but recent election cycles within the past decade have seen moderate incumbents replaced by progressive Democrats in urban areas like Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Las Cruces; and conservative Republicans being elected in the state’s rural areas.

Michelle Lujan Grisham succeeded Republican Susana Martinez on January 1, , after she served two terms as governor from to Gary Johnson was governor from to as a Republican, but in and ran for president from the Libertarian Party. Democrats in the state are usually strongest in the Santa Fe area, parts of the Albuquerque metro area such as the southeast and central areas, including the affluent Nob Hill neighborhood and the vicinity of the University of New Mexico , Northern and West Central New Mexico, and most of the Native American reservations, particularly the Navajo Nation.

Albuquerque’s Northeast Heights have historically leaned Republican but have become a key swing area for Democrats in recent election cycles. Local government in New Mexico consists primarily of counties and municipalities. There are 33 counties, of which the most populous is Bernalillo , which contains the state’s largest city, Albuquerque. Counties are usually governed by an elected five-member county commission, sheriff, assessor, clerk and treasurer. A municipality may call itself a village , town , or city , [] with no distinction in law and no correlation to any particular form of government.

Municipal elections are non-partisan. New Mexico is notable for electing more women of color to public office than any other U. The state also accounts for nearly one-third of the women of color who have served in any statewide executive office, such as lieutenant governor and secretary of state, a distinction shared by only ten other states. New Mexico is one of 23 states without the death penalty; [] on March 18, , then-Governor Bill Richardson signed the law abolishing capital punishment following the legislature’s vote the week before, making New Mexico the 15th U.

New Mexico arguably has some of the least restrictive firearms laws in the country. Additionally, New Mexico is a “shall-issue” state for concealed carry permits, thus giving applicants a presumptive right to receive a license without giving a compelling reason. Before December , New Mexico law was silent on the issue of same-sex marriage. The issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level, with some county clerks issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples and others not.

In December , the New Mexico Supreme Court issued a unanimous ruling directing all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, thereby making New Mexico the 17th state to recognize same-sex marriage statewide. Based on data, New Mexico had law enforcement agencies across the state, county, and municipal levels.

In April , New Mexico became the 18th state to legalize cannabis for recreational use ; possession, personal cultivation, and retail sales are permitted under certain conditions, while relevant marijuana-related arrests and convictions are expunged.

As of June , New Mexico has one of the nation’s most permissive abortion laws : Elective abortion care is legal at all stages of pregnancy, without restrictions such as long waiting periods and mandated parental consent. Supreme Court’s ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. Due to its relatively low population and numerous federally funded research facilities, New Mexico had the highest concentration of Ph.

D holders of any state in By national standards, New Mexico has one of the highest concentrations of persons who did not finish high school or have some college education, albeit by a low margin. Almost a quarter of people over 25 In , the number of doctorate recipients was , placing the state 34th in the nation. In , a state judge issued a landmark ruling that “New Mexico is violating the constitutional rights of at-risk students by failing to provide them with sufficient education”, in particularly those with indigenous, non-English-speaking, and low-income backgrounds.

The New Mexico Public Education Department oversees the operation of primary and secondary schools; individual school districts directly operate and staff said schools. In January , New Mexico became the first state in the U.

New Mexico has 41 accredited, degree-granting institutions; twelve are private and 29 are state-funded, including four tribal colleges. Graduates of four-year colleges in New Mexico have some of the lowest student debt burdens in the U. New Mexico is one of eight states that fund college scholarships through the state lottery. In September , New Mexico announced a plan to make tuition at its public colleges and universities free for all state residents, regardless of family income.

New Mexican culture is a unique fusion of indigenous, Spanish, Hispanic, and American influences. In addition to thousands of years of indigenous heritage, the state was among the earliest territories in the Americas to be settled by Europeans; centuries of Spanish and then Mexican migration, often intermingled with an enduring indigenous presence, are reflected in the state’s demographics, toponyms , cuisine, dialect, and identity. New Mexico’s distinct culture and image is reflected in part by the fact that many Americans are unaware that it is a U.

Like other states in the American Southwest , New Mexico reflects the legacy of the ” Old West ” period of American expansion into the region, characterized by cattle ranching , cowboys , pioneers , the Santa Fe Trail , and conflicts among and between settlers and Native Americans.

New Mexico is an important center of Native American culture, with an indigenous population close to , in , constituting roughly one-tenth of all residents.

With 16 million acres 6. Pueblo Indians live in pueblos scattered throughout the state, which collectively span over 2 million acres , ha. Almost half of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin; many are descendants of colonial settlers called Hispanos or Neomexicanos , who settled mostly in the north of the state between the 16th and 18th centuries. By contrast, the majority of Mexican immigrants reside in the southern part of the state.

Some Hispanos claim Jewish ancestry through descendance from conversos or Crypto-Jews among early Spanish colonists. Because of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish language, some of its vocabulary is unknown to other Spanish speakers.

New Mexican Spanish uses numerous Native American words for local features and includes anglicized words that express American concepts and modern inventions.

The earliest New Mexico artists whose work survives today are the Mimbres Indians, whose black and white pottery could be mistaken for modern art, except for the fact that it was produced before CE. See Mimbres culture. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. In August, the city hosts the annual Santa Fe Indian Market , which is the oldest and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world.

Performing arts include the renowned Santa Fe Opera which presents five operas in repertory each July to August, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival held each summer, and the restored Lensic Theater a principal venue for many kinds of performances. Santa Fe is also home to Frogville Records , an indie record label. Art is also a frequent theme in Albuquerque , New Mexico’s largest city. The National Hispanic Cultural Center has held hundreds of performing arts events, art showcases, and other events related to Spanish culture in New Mexico and worldwide in the centerpiece Roy E Disney Center for the Performing Arts or in other venues at the acre facility.

New Mexico residents and visitors alike can enjoy performing art from around the world at Popejoy Hall on the campus of the University of New Mexico. Popejoy Hall hosts singers, dancers, Broadway shows, other types of acts, and Shakespeare. The KiMo presents live theater and concerts as well as movies and simulcast operas. New Mexico holds strong to its Spanish heritage.

Old Spanish traditions such zarzuelas and flamenco are popular; [] [] the University of New Mexico is the only institute of higher education in the world with a program dedicated to flamenco.

In the midth century, there was a thriving Hispano school of literature and scholarship being produced in both English and Spanish. As well, writer D. Lawrence lived near Taos in the s, at the D. Lawrence Ranch , where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes. New Mexico’s strong Spanish, Native American, and Wild West frontier motifs have provided material for many authors in the state, including the internationally recognized Rudolfo Anaya and Tony Hillerman.

Silver City , originally a mining town, is now a major hub and exhibition center for large numbers of artists, visual and otherwise. Owing to a combination of financial incentives, low cost, and geographic diversity, New Mexico has long been a popular setting or filming location for various films and television series. Olympic gold medalist Tom Jager , who is an advocate of controversial high-altitude training for swimming, has conducted training camps in Albuquerque at 5, feet 1, m and Los Alamos at 7, feet 2, m.

New Mexico is a major hub for various shooting sports , mainly concentrated in the NRA Whittington Center in Raton, which is largest and most comprehensive competitive shooting range and training facility in the U. Owing to its millennia of habitation and over two centuries of Spanish colonial rule, New Mexico features a significant number of sites with historical and cultural significance.

Forty-six locations across the state are listed by the U. National Register of Historic Places , the 18th highest of any state. New Mexico has nine of the country’s 84 national monuments, which are sites federally protected by presidential proclamation; this is the second-highest number after Arizona. Excluding sites shared between states, New Mexico has the most World Heritage Sites in the country, with three exclusively within its territory.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the U. For other uses, see New Mexico disambiguation. State in the United States. Crescit eundo English: It grows as it goes. Wheeler Peak [2] [3] [4]. Red Bluff Reservoir on Texas border [3] [4]. Flag of New Mexico. Main article: History of New Mexico. For a chronological guide, see Timeline of New Mexico history. See also: Territorial evolution of New Mexico.

Main articles: Texas annexation , U. Civil war effects in New Mexico. Main articles: Admission to the Union and List of U. Further information: List of counties in New Mexico. See also: Delaware Basin. Largest cities or towns in New Mexico Source: U. Census Bureau Estimate. See also: New Mexico locations by per capita income. Main article: Economy of New Mexico. Main article: Taxation in New Mexico. See also: List of U. Routes in New Mexico.

See also: List of New Mexico railroads. See also: List of airports in New Mexico. Main article: Government of New Mexico. Main article: Local government in New Mexico. See also: Government of Albuquerque. See also: List of school districts in New Mexico. See also: List of high schools in New Mexico. See also: List of colleges and universities in New Mexico. Geography portal North America portal United States portal.

Census Bureau. September Retrieved March 14, NGS Data Sheet. Retrieved October 24, United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 15, MLA Data Center. Archived from the original on May 23, Retrieved November 4, ISBN Retrieved January 26, Homepage — U.

Retrieved June 27, Business Facilities. August 14, Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved July 19, Roberts; Susan A. New Mexico Rev. Forgot password? We use your data to offer you a personalised experience.

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Nuevomexicanos demanded the return of their lands, but the governments did not respond favorably. For example, the Surveyor of General Claims Office on New Mexico would at times take up to fifty years to process a claim, meanwhile, the lands were being grabbed up by the newcomers. But these two men seemingly did not cut into the fifty years needed to translate. While the Santa Fe , Atchison , and Topeka railroad was built in the s, speculators known as the Santa Fe Ring , orchestrated schemes to dislodge natives from their lands.

In response, Nuevomexicanos gathered to reclaim lands taken by Anglos. They sought to develop a class-based consciousness among local people through the everyday tactics of resistance to the economic and social order confronting common property land grant communities. They called themselves Las Gorras Blancas , a name referring to the white head coverings many wore. There were only nine priests at first; Lamy brought in many more. In it was upgraded to the status of archdiocese, with supervision over Catholic affairs in New Mexico and Arizona.

Lamy had St. Francis Cathedral built in a French style; the work was conducted between and To provide the forts and reservations with food, the federal government contracted for thousands of head of cattle, and Texas cattlemen began entering New Mexico with their herds.

Rancher Charles Goodnight blazed the first cattle trail through New Mexico in , extending from the Pecos River northward into Colorado and Wyoming. Over it more than , head of cattle trailed to market. John Chisum also brought his herds up the Pecos. As employer of the desperado Billy the Kid , he figured prominently in the Lincoln County War of — This was one of the many struggles between cattle herders and territorial officials, among rival cattle barons, and between sheep ranchers and cattle ranchers during this period.

The Butterfield Trail , the longest of the cattle trails, had its first important stop in New Mexico at Fort Fillmore. It began operations in and was superseded by railroad operations in The new town of Albuquerque, platted in as the Santa Fe Railroad extended westward, quickly enveloped the old town.

The rival Southern Pacific was completed between the Rio Grande valley and the Arizona border in From to the territory grew rapidly. With the coming of the railroad, many homesteaders moved to New Mexico. In the New Mexico Education Association of school teachers was organized; in small state colleges were established at Albuquerque, Las Cruces, and Socorro; and in the first effective public school law was passed.

An irrigation project in the Pecos River valley in marked the first of many such projects to irrigate farms in the dry state. Discovery of artesian waters at Roswell in gave both farming and mining a boost. The power of the cattle barons faded as much land was fenced in at the expense of the open range.

The cattle ranchers and sheep ranchers also learned to tolerate one other, and both the cattle and sheep industries expanded. Mining became even more important, especially gold and silver. Coal mining developed during the s, primarily to supply the railroads, and oil was discovered in Eddy County in The population of New Mexico reached , in Conflicting land claims led to bitter quarrels among the original and Spanish inhabitants, cattle ranchers, and newer homesteaders.

Despite destructive overgrazing, ranching survived as a mainstay of the New Mexican economy. On January 6, , after years of debate on whether the population of New Mexico was fully assimilated into American culture, or too immersed in corruption, President William Howard Taft twisted arms in Congress and it approved admission of New Mexico as the 47th state of the Union. Thousands of Mexicans fled north during the extremely bloody civil war that broke out in Mexico in In Mexican military leader Pancho Villa led an invasion across the border into Columbus, New Mexico , where they burned some homes and killed several Americans.

New Mexico contributed some 17, men to the armed services during World War I. When the mainline of the railroad bypassed Santa Fe, the city lost businesses and population. In the 20th century, American and British artists and writers, and retirees were attracted to the cultural richness of the area, the beauty of the landscapes, and dry warm climate.

Local leaders took the opportunity to promote the city’s heritage making it a tourist attraction. The city sponsored bold architectural restoration projects and erected new buildings according to traditional techniques and styles, thus creating the “Santa Fe style.

When he tried to attract a summer program for Texas women, many artists rebelled saying the city should not promote artificial tourism at the expense of its artistic culture. The writers and artists formed the Old Santa Fe Association and defeated the plan. The old “mud city” – which short-sighted modernizers laughed at for its adobe houses – was transformed into a city proud of its peculiarities and its blend of tradition and modernity.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Anglos tried to regulate the Hispanics living in New Mexico to second-class social status, due to xenophobia and prejudice. Richard Nostrand claims that this treatment caused the Hispanics to construct a “Spanish American” identity in response to show allegiance to the US, in an early instance of expressing being American through ethnic identity, to avoid being labeled as “Mexican”, and to distinguish themselves from recent Mexican immigrants.

World War I gave the Hispanics the opportunity to demonstrate American citizenship by participating in the war effort. Like the “new immigrants” in northeastern cities, who also constructed dual identities, members of the Nuevomexicano middle class exuberantly participated in the war effort.

They melded images of their heritage with patriotic symbols of America, especially in the Spanish-language press. Nuevomexicano politicians and community leaders recruited the rural masses into the war cause overseas and on the home front, including the struggle for woman suffrage.

Support from New Mexico’s Anglo establishment aided their efforts. Their wartime contributions improved the conditions of minority citizenship for Nuevomexicanos but did not eliminate social inequality.

For example, no Hispanics —not even the son of a politician— were allowed to be a member of a fraternity at the state university. The Anglos and Hispanics cooperated because both prosperous and poor Hispanics could vote and they outnumbered the Anglos.

Around , the term “Spanish-American” replaced “Mexican” in polite society and in political debate. The new term served both the interests of both groups. For Spanish speakers, it evoked Spain, not Mexico, recalling images of a romantic colonial past and suggesting a future of equality in Anglo-dominated America. For Anglos, on the other hand, it was a useful term that upgraded the state’s image, for the old image as a “Mexican” land suggested the violence and disorder associated with that country’s civil war in the early 20th century.

This had discouraged capital investment and set back the statehood campaign. The new term gave the impression that “Spanish Americans” belonged to a true “American” political culture, making the established order appear all the more democratic. In the 20th century immigrants and migrants brought new skills, outlooks and values, modernizing the highly traditional culture of the state.

They included Midwestern farmers who tried to cultivate humid-area crops to the desert climate, Texas oilmen, tuberculosis patients who sought healing in the dry air before an appropriate antibiotic was discovered , [55] artists who made Taos a national cultural center, New Dealers who sought to modernize the state as fast as possible and improve infrastructure, soldiers and airmen from all over who came for training at the many military bases, noted scientists who came to Los Alamos to build a super weapon, and stayed on, and retirees from colder climes.

They brought money and new ideas. The state residents gradually adopted more of a standard national culture, losing some of its unique qualities. It’s an example of the numerous projects which the Democratic administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt collaborated on with states in order to improve infrastructure, invest in facilities, and put people to work. Prior to that project, the Supreme Court met in the basement of the state capitol.

The suffrage movement in the state worked hard to get women the vote but were stymied by the conservatism of politicians and the Catholic Church.

New Mexico’s legislature was one of the last in to ratify the 19th Amendment to the U. After it passed, there was quickly a dramatic increase in political participation by both Anglo and Hispanic women, as well as strong mobilization efforts by the major parties to gain the support of the female voters. New Mexico proportionately suffered the loss of more servicemen than any other state in the nation.

The state led in the national war bond drive and had fifty federal installations, including glider and bombardier training schools. The state rapidly modernized during the war, as 65, young men and young women joined the services, where they received a wide range of technical training and saw the outside world, many for the first time.

Federal spending brought wartime prosperity, along with high wages, jobs for everyone, rationing and shortages. Federal facilities have continued to be major contributors to the state’s economy in the postwar years.

The top secret remote Los Alamos Research Center was developed in the mountains of New Mexico as a research facility, opening in for the purpose of developing the world’s first atomic bomb. Teams of scientists and engineers were recruited to work on this project. New Mexico had become a center of world-class science. This reputedly led to the persistent but unproven claims by a few individuals that the government had captured and concealed extraterrestrial corpses and equipment.

Albuquerque expanded rapidly after the war. The state quickly emerged as a leader in nuclear, solar, and geothermal energy research and development. The Sandia National Laboratories , founded in , carried out nuclear research and special weapons development at Kirtland Air Force Base south of Albuquerque and at Livermore, California. Since the late 19th century, New Mexico and other arid Western states have sought to assert sovereign control over water allocation policies within their boundaries.

In the s the legislature debated H. Since the passage of the Newlands Act in , Western states have benefited from federal water projects. In spite of these projects, water allocation remained a politically charged issue throughout the 20th century.

Most states have sought to limit federal control over water distribution, preferring instead to allocate water under the discredited doctrine of prior appropriation. As a state dependent on both smokestack industry and scenic tourism, New Mexico was at the center of the debates over clean air legislation, particularly the Clean Air Act of and its amendments in and The Kennecott Copper Corporation , which operated a large smelter at Hurley, New Mexico , generating as a byproduct thick clouds of air pollution, led the opposition to the environmentalists, represented by the New Mexico Citizens for Clean Air and Water.

Eventually the company was forced to comply with fairly strict federal standards. They often delayed the compliance process for years by threatening economic repercussions, such as plant closings and unemployment, if forced to comply with standards. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Main article: Pueblo Revolt.

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June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Mexican—American War. Main article: U. Main article: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Main article: Las Gorras Blancas. Main articles: Admission to the Union and List of U. Main article: Nuevomexicanos. Main article: Women’s suffrage in New Mexico.

History portal North America portal United States portal. Chapter 1, pg. American Anthropologist , Vol 40, No. Albuquerque: U of NM Press, , pp. Albuquerque: U of NM Press, , p. U of North Carolina Press, , p. U of Oklahoma Press, , p. Posted by Suzanne Stamatov between — Consulted 4 April , to 36 pm.

Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds. Lincoln: U of NE Press, , pp. A Laboratory for Anthropology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN Bent’s Fort. Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail.

Hain et al. Hispanic Americans in Congress, House document. Government Printing Office. Retrieved July 23, The Hispano Homeland.

University of Oklahoma Press. Szasz and George E. New Mexico: a Guide to the Colorful State. American Guide Series. NY: Hastings House. State of New Mexico. Santa Fe capital. New Mexico portal. Years in New Mexico —present. History of the United States by polity. Washington, D. Virgin Islands. Spanish Empire. Terra Australis. Administrative subdivisions. Authority control: National libraries Israel United States. Hidden categories: All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles with bare URLs for citations from March Articles with image file bare URLs for citations Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July Articles needing additional references from January All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June Articles with unsourced statements from June Articles with unsourced statements from November Articles with J9U identifiers Articles with LCCN identifiers.

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– New Mexico – Wiktionary

 
No, New Mexico was named after the Mexican Valley by the Spanish, then newly formed govt that formed after Spain left they called themselves the United Mexican. TL;DR, Both Mexico and New Mexico were named after The Valley of Mexico (Mexico City) so the oldest the Three Mexicos is Mexico City. EtymologyEdit New Mexico received its name in the s, long before the present-day nation of Mexico won independence from Spain and adopted that name in.

 
 

New mexico named before mexico

 
 

New Mexico is one of the states in the southwestern region of the US. It is the fifth largest state with a total area ofsquare miles and the fifth less densely populated states with a total population of two new mexico named before mexico people.

It is comparatively a poor state ranking among the lowest of the states with lowest per capital income. Emxico is the main economic hindrance new mexico named before mexico the country that relies mainly on for federal expenditure on temporary programs.

The early settlers of New Mexico were Native Americans who cultivated hefore hunted befkre the land 10, years before the arrival of European explorers. Early agriculturalists comprised of the Pueblo Indians who had adopted advanced irrigation systems and whose remains are still found in various parts of the state such as Msxico. In the 15th century, aggressive nomads comprising of the Navajo and Apache groups arrived from the north settling in the region and lived harmoniously with the Native American settlers.

InEuropean and Spanish explorers set to discover the lands with the hope of annexing the region and establishing their dominance. On their first attempt, they did not succeed in finding the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola. For the next centuries, missionaries attempted nsw change the Indian culture and religion prompting the rise of the Pueblo Rebellion that drove Europeans out of the region leaving it to the Spanish.

Contrary to popular belief, New Mexico is not part of Mexico. In fact, New Mexico was established and named years before the naming new mexico named before mexico Mexico in New Mexico was admitted as the 47th state of the US страница after breaking from being a province in Mexico.

Inthe Congress passed a law that granted Native Americans living in America citizenship and the right to vote in federal and state elections. However, Native Americans in New Mexico could not new mexico named before mexico the rights since their constitution stated that Indians who beforr not pay taxes to not mexuco the same rights. The ban was later lifted after military veterans from New Mexico who had defended America during the First and Second World War petitioned for their constitutional rights as American citizens.

New Mexico was admitted as the нажмите чтобы прочитать больше state of the US in Kaityn Stimage Befofe 25 in World Facts.

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